physical behavior of matter

interpret and construct solubility curves
use solubility curves to distinguish among saturated, supersaturated and unsaturated solutions
apply the adage "like dissolves like" to real-world situations
use a simple particle model to differentiate among properties of a solid, a liquid, and a gas
describe the process and use of filtration, distillation, and chromatography in the separation of a mixture
describe the preparation of a solution, given the molarity
interpret solution concentration data
calculate solution concentrations in molarity (M), percent mass, and parts per million (ppm)
distinguish between heat energy and temperature in terms of molecular motion and amount of matter
use particle models /diagrams to differentiate among elements, compounds, and mixtures

fill-in the blanks part 1

Words: components, concentration, constant, dissolved, elements, homogeneous, mixture, nonvolatile, original, particles, physical, properties, proportions, temperature

Matter is classified as a pure substance or as a _________ of substances. The three phases of matter (solids, liquids, and gases) have different __________. A pure substance (element or compound) has a _________ composition and constant properties throughout a given sample, and from sample to sample. _________ are substances that are composed of atoms that have the same atomic number. Elements cannot be broken down by _________ change. Mixtures are composed of two or more different substances that can be separated by _________ means. When different substances are mixed together, a ____________ or heterogeneous mixture is formed. The ___________ of components in a mixture can be varied. Each component in a mixture retains its __________ properties. Differences in properties such as density, particle size, molecular polarity, boiling point and freezing point, and solubility permit physical separation of the __________ of the mixture. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of a solute ________ in a solvent. The solubility of a solute in a given amount of solvent is dependent on the __________, the pressure, and the chemical natures of the solute and solvent. The ____________ of a solution may be expressed as molarity (M), percent by volume, percent by mass, or parts per million (ppm). The addition of a _________ solute to a solvent causes the boiling point of the solvent to increase and the freezing point of the solvent to decrease. The greater the concentration of __________ the greater the effect.

quiz 1 part 1

quiz 2 part 1

quiz 3 part 1

quiz 4 part 1

quiz 5 part 1

quiz 6 part 1

skills students should be able to do part 2

explain the gas laws in terms of KMT
solve problems, using the combined gas law
convert temperatures in Celsius degrees (^oC) to kelvins (K), and kelvins to Celsius degrees
qualitatively interpret heating and cooling curves in terms of changes in kinetic and potential energy, heat of vaporization, heat of fusion, and phase changes
explain vapor pressure, evaporation rate, and phase changes in terms of intermolecular forces
calculate the heat involved in a phase or temperature change for a given sample of matter
explain phase change in terms of the changes in energy and intermolecular distances
distinguish between endothermic and exothermic reactions, using energy terms in a reaction equation, ΔH, potential energy diagrams or experimental data

fill-in the blanks part 2

Words: attractive, chemical, collide, endothermic, energy, equal, hardness, hydrogen, ideal, intermolecular, kinetic, low, molecular, motion, potential, pressure, random, rearrangement, substances, temperature, total, transfer, volume

_______ can exist in different forms, such as chemical, electrical, electromagnetic, thermal, mechanical, and nuclear. Heat is a ________ of energy (usually thermal energy) from a body of higher temperature to a body of lower temperature. Thermal energy is the energy associated with the _______ motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a measurement of the average ________ energy of the particles in a sample of material. __________ is not a form of energy. The concept of an ______ gas is a model to explain the behavior of gases. A real gas is most like an ideal gas when the real gas is at ____ pressure and high temperature. Kinetic molecular theory (KMT) for an ideal gas states that all gas particles:

are in random, constant, straight-line ________.
are separated by great distances relative to their size; the ________ of the gas particles is considered negligible.
have no _________ forces between them.
have collisions that may result in the transfer of energy between gas particles, but the ______ energy of the system remains constant.

Collision theory states that a reaction is most likely to occur if reactant particles _______ with the proper energy and orientation. Kinetic _________ theory describes the relationships of pressure, volume, temperature, velocity, and frequency and force of collisions among gas molecules. Equal volumes of different gases at the same temperature and pressure contain an _______ number of particles. The concepts of kinetic and ________ energy can be used to explain physical processes that include fusion (melting), solidification (freezing), vaporization (boiling, evaporation), condensation, sublimation, and deposition. A physical change results in the _____________ of existing particles in a substance. A chemical change results in the formation of different __________ with changed properties. Chemical and physical changes can be exothermic or _________.

real-world connections

common everyday examples of solids, liquids, and gases
nature of H₂O in our environment
solids: metallic, crystalline, amorphous (quartz glass, opals), solid state
liquids: surface tension, capillary, viscosity
gases: real and ideal gases
alloys
separation by filtration, distillation, desalination, crystallization, extraction, chromatography
water quality testing colloids
emulsifiers (making ice cream)
sewage treatment
salting an icy sidewalk
ice cream making
antifreeze/engine coolant
airplane deicing
cooking pasta
degrees of saturation of solutions
dry cleaning
Earth's primitive atmosphere
use of models to explain something that cannot be seen
structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere (variations in pressure and temperature)
weather processes
greenhouse gases
refrigeration meniscus (concave/ - convex)
capillary action
surface tension
calorimetry

quiz 7 part 2

quiz 8 part 2

quiz 9 part 2

quiz 10 part 2

quiz 11 part 2

quiz 12 part 2

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