organic chemistry.....aim 3

what are organic functional groups?

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MU #1 Organic acids, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ethers, halides, amines, amides, and amino acids are categories of organic molecules that differ in their structures. Functional groups impart distinctive physical and chemical properties to organic compounds. 

 

Use table R to learn the different organic functional groups.

 

Halide

Organic compounds containing halogens (group 17)

Example

 

 

H

 

Br

 

H

 

H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cl

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

|

 

 

 

 

 

 

H

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

H

 

 

 

 

 

Cl

—

C

—

Cl

 

 

 

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

|

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

H

 

Br

 

H

 

H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cl

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2,2-dibromobutane

 

 

 

 

tetrachloromethane

 

 

 

 

 

CH3CBr2CH2CH3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CCl4

 

 

 

 

Problems

Draw the structural formula and write the condensed structural formula of the following halides

1-chloropentane

2-bromo-3-iodohexane

4-chloro-1,1-difluorodecane

1,1,1-trichloro-3,3-difluorononane

 

Alcohol

The (-OH) group is called an hydroxyl group. Under ordinary conditions no more than one -OH group can be attached to one carbon. Alcohols are NOT bases.

Example

 

 

H

 

 

 

 

 

 

H

 

OH

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

 

 

 

|

 

 

 

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

 

H

—

C

—

OH

 

 

H

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

H

 

 

|

 

 

 

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

 

 

 

H

 

 

 

 

 

 

H

 

H

 

OH

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

methanol

 

 

 

 

2,3-hexanediol

 

 

CH3OH

 

 

 

 

 

CH3CH(OH)CH(OH)CH2CH2CH3

 

 

 

Problems

Draw the structural formula and write the condensed structural formula of the following alcohols

ethanol

1-butanol

1,2,3-propanetriol

4-decanol

 

Ether

Ethers are generally less reactive than other organic compounds containing oxygen. The first anesthetic used in medical procedures was diethyl ether (CH3CH2OCH2CH3)

Example

 

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

 

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

H

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

O

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

 

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

propyl butyl ether

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Problems

Draw the structural formula and write the condensed structural formula of the following ethers

dimethyl ether

ethyl hexyl ether

dipropyl ether

pentyl methyl ether

 

Aldehyde

Aldehydes have peasant odors therefore they are used in the making of perfumes.

Example

 

 

H

 

H

 

O

 

 

 

 

 

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

O

 

 

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

| |

 

 

 

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

| |

 

 

 

H

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

H

 

 

H

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

H

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

H

 

H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

propanal

 

 

 

 

 

 

pentanal

 

 

 

 

CH3CH2CHO

 

 

 

 

 

CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO

 

 

 

Problems

Draw the structural formula and write the condensed structural formula of the following aldehydes

methanal

ethanal

heptanal

octanal

 

Ketone

Ketones are found in many natural materials. Acetone, CH3COCH3 is used in nail polish remover.

Example

 

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

O

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

 

 

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

| |

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

 

 

 

H

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

H

 

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

 

 

 

 

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

 

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5-decanone

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CH3CH2CH2CH2COCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

 

 

 

 

 

 

Problems

Draw the structural formula and write the condensed structural formula of the following ketones

propanone

4-decanone

3-hexanone

butanone

 

Organic acid

The -COOH group is called a carboxyl group. Organic acids are weak electrolytes.

Example

 

 

O

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

H

 

O

 

 

 

 

 

| |

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

|

 

| |

 

 

 

H

—

C

—

OH

 

 

 

H

—

C

—

C

—

OH

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

|

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

methanoic acid

 

 

 

 

ethanoic acid

 

 

CHCOOH

 

 

 

 

CH3COOH

 

 

Problems

Draw the structural formula and write the condensed structural formula of the following organic acids

propanoic acid

butanoic acid

hexanoic acid

pentanoic acid

 

Ester

Most esters have sweet and fruity aromas and they are used for substitutes of natural products.

Example

 

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

O

 

 

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

H

 

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

| |

 

 

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

 

H

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

O

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

C

—

H

 

 

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