kinetics/equilibrium.....aim 4

what is a potential energy diagram?

.....aim 3

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aim 5.....

 

HW From textbook “CHEMISTRY a Contemporary Approach”

 

Energy released or absorbed during a chemical reaction (heat of reaction) is equal to the difference between the potential energy of the products and the potential energy of the reactants.

 

In a chemical reaction; reactants --> products

ΔPE = PE products - PE reactants

PE can be thought as heat energy (H)

Therefore, ΔH (kJ) = H products - H reactants

 

When ΔH is negative H products < H reactants and the reaction is exothermic.

 

 

When ΔH is positive H products > H reactants and the reaction is endothermic.

 

 

Energy released or absorbed by a chemical reaction can be represented by a potential energy diagram.

Example

See table I

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) -->  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)     ΔH = -890.4 kJ

Since ΔH is negative

The forward reaction is exothermic and H products < H reactants.

 

           

The reverse reaction is endothermic and H products > H reactants.

 

           

The activation energy is the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction by providing colliding molecules with enough energy for effective collisions to occur.

 

           


The activated complex is the short-lived and unstable intermediate species located at the highest of the activation energy.    

 

           

A catalyst provides an alternate reaction pathway, which has a lower activation energy than an uncatalyzed reaction.

 

           

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1/07

42 Given the balanced equation representing a reaction at 101.3 kPa and 298 K:  N2(g) + 3H2(g) ---> 2NH3(g) + 91.8 kJ

Which statement is true about this reaction?

        (1) It is exothermic and ΔH equals –91.8 kJ.    (2) It is exothermic and ΔH equals +91.8 kJ.

        (3) It is endothermic and ΔH equals –91.8 kJ.    (4) It is endothermic and ΔH equals +91.8 kJ.

8/07

Base your answers to questions 61 through 63 on the reaction represented by the balanced equation below.

2H2(g) + O2(g) ---> 2H2O(l) + 571.6 kJ

61 Identify the information in this equation that indicates the reaction is exothermic.

62 Draw a potential energy diagram for the reaction represented by this equation.

63 Explain why the entropy of the system decreases as the reaction proceeds.

1/06

16 In a chemical reaction, the difference between the potential energy of the products and the potential energy of the reactants is defined as the

    (1) activation energy (2) ionization energy (3) heat of reaction (4) heat of vaporization

40 Given the balanced equation:

   

43 Given the potential energy diagram for a chemical reaction:

Which statement correctly describes the energy changes that occur in the forward reaction?

    (1) The activation energy is 10. kJ and the reaction is endothermic.

    (2) The activation energy is 10. kJ and the reaction is exothermic.

    (3) The activation energy is 50. kJ and the reaction is endothermic.

    (4) The activation energy is 50. kJ and the reaction is exothermic.

6/06

18 Which expression represents the ΔH for a chemical reaction in terms of the potential energy, PE, of its products and reactants?

    (1) PE of products + PE of reactants (2) PE of products – PE of reactants

    (3) PE of products × PE of reactants (4) PE of products ÷ PE of reactants

19 Which balanced equation represents an endothermic reaction?

Base your answers to questions 59 and 60 on the information below. Given the reaction at equilibrium:

59 Explain, in terms of energy, why the forward reaction is exothermic.

60 Explain, in terms of Le Chatelier’s principle, why the equilibrium shifts to the right to relieve the stress when the pressure on the system is increased at constant temperature.

8/06

16 Which statement best describes how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction?

    (1) The catalyst provides an alternate reaction pathway with a higher activation energy.

    (2) The catalyst provides an alternate reaction pathway with a lower activation energy.

    (3) The catalyst provides the same reaction pathway with a higher activation energy.

    (4) The catalyst provides the same reaction pathway with a lower activation energy.

44 Given the balanced equation representing a reaction:

Which statement is true about energy in this reaction?

    (1) The reaction is exothermic because it releases heat. (2) The reaction is exothermic because it absorbs heat.

    (3) The reaction is endothermic because it releases heat. (4) The reaction is endothermic because it absorbs heat.

46 Given the potential energy diagram for a reaction:

Which interval on this diagram represents the difference between the potential energy of the products and the potential energy of the reactants?    (1) 1 (2) 2(3) 3  (4) 4

1/05

Base your answers to questions 56 through 58 on the potential energy diagram and the equation below.

 

2 C(s) + H2(g) + 227.4 kJ → C2H2(g)

56 The letter B represents which chemical formula or formulas in the equation?

57 If 682.2 kilojoules are absorbed, how many moles of C2H2(g) are produced?

58 Describe how the potential energy diagram will change if a catalyst is added.

6/05

Base your answer on the information below. Given the reaction at equilibrium: 2NO2(g) + 7H2(g) <--> 2NH3(g) + 4H2O(g) + 1127 kJ

57 Complete a potential energy diagram for the forward reaction. Be sure your drawing shows the activation energy and the potential energy of the products.

1/04

16 Which statement best explains the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
        (1) A catalyst is added as an additional reactant and is consumed but not regenerated.
        (2) A catalyst limits the amount of reactants used.

        (3) A catalyst changes the kinds of products produced.

        (4) A catalyst provides an alternate reaction path-way that requires less activation energy.

Base your answers to questions 77 through 79 on the information and potential energy diagram below. Chemical cold packs are often used to reduce swelling after an athletic injury. The diagram represents the potential energy changes when a cold pack is activated.

77 Which lettered interval on the diagram represents the potential energy of the products? 
78 Which lettered interval on the diagram represents the heat of reaction?
79 Identify a reactant listed in Reference Table I that could be mixed with water for use in a chemical cold pack.

6/04

21 A catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction by
        (1) lowering the activation energy of the reaction (2) lowering the potential energy of the products
        (3) raising the temperature of the reactants (4) raising the concentration of the reactants

8/04

19 Which information about a chemical reaction is provided by a potential energy diagram?

                (1) the oxidation states of the reactants and products

                (2) the average kinetic energy of the reactants and products

                (3) the change in solubility of the reacting substances

                (4) the energy released or absorbed during the reaction

1/03 

Given the reaction: S(s) + O2(g) à SO2(g) + energy  Which diagram best represents the potential energy changes for this reaction?

6/03

22. Which statement correctly describes an endothermic chemical reaction?

        (1) The products have higher potential energy than the reactants, and the ΔH is negative.

        (2) The products have higher potential energy than the reactants, and the ΔH is positive.

        (3) The products have lower potential energy than the reactants, and the ΔH is negative.

        (4) The products have lower potential energy than the reactants, and the ΔH is positive.

35.  A catalyst is added to a system at equilibrium. If the temperature remains constant, the activation energy of the forward reaction (1) decreases (2). increases (3) remains the same

43. The potential energy diagram below represents a reaction.

Which arrow represents the activation energy of the forward reaction? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

8/03

17 Which phase change is an exothermic process? (1) CO2 (s) --> CO2 (g) (2) NH3 (g) --> NH3 (l) (3) Cu(s) --> Cu(l) ( 4) Hg(l) --> Hg(g)

51 Explain how a catalyst may increase the rate of a chemical reaction.

52 Sketch the potential energy diagram for an endothermic chemical reaction that shows the activation energy and the potential energy of the reactants and the potential energy of the products.

6/02

Base your answers on the information and diagram below, which represent the changes in potential energy that occur during the given reaction. Given the reaction: A + B --> C

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     a)  Does the diagram illustrate an exothermic or an endothermic reaction? State one reason, in terms of energy, to support your answer.

     b) On the diagram provided in your answer booklet, draw a dashed line to indicate a potential energy curve for the reaction if a catalyst is added.

8/02

1. Given the reaction: 2 H2(g) + O2(g) --> 2 H2O(l) + 571.6 kJ What is the approximate ΔH for the formation of 1 mole of H2O(l)?

            (1) -285.8 kJ         (2) +285.8 kJ          (3) -571.6 kJ               (4) +571.6 kJ

2.  According to Table I, which potential energy diagram best represents the reaction that forms H2O(l) from its elements?

3.  Given the reaction: CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) --> 2 H2O(l) + CO2(g) What is the overall result when CH4(g) burns according to this reaction?

            (1) Energy is absorbed and ΔH is negative.       (3) Energy is released and ΔH is negative.

            (2) Energy is absorbed and ΔH is positive.        (4) Energy is released and ΔH is positive.

4.  According to Table I, which salt releases energy as it dissolves?  (1) KNO3        (2) LiBr             (3) NH4NO3               (4) NaCl

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